When you buy a new square, it’ll come with a booklet that will take you through the various steps in those processes. More complicated roofing designs involving hips and valleys and compound angle cuts are not too difficult. And a simple gable roof is suddenly within your skills. You can use the rafter to mark off your plumb cut (where the rafter butts the ridgeboard), the “bird’s mouth” (the angled cut where the rafter bites into the wall), and the tail cut (the rafter’s lower end). Then you position your square on the rafter so that the twelve-inch mark aligns with the bottom edge of the rafter you pivot the square on that point so that the point where the blade and the rafter intersect is the same as the rise of the roof and, thanks to the magic of ancient geometric figurings, you have your plumb cut. To lay out a rafter, in fact, all you have to know is the ratio of the pitch.
If all this has your head spinning, console yourself with this: the rafter square is a lot less complicated than the theory that makes it work. For each foot of rise or run the rafter is 16.97 inches long. For example, if your roof is a twelve over twelve (that is, it has a rather steep forty-five-degree pitch), then the unit length of the rafter is to be found on the face of the square below the twelve-inch mark on its blade. If you know the unit rise and run of the roof you are laying out, then you can determine the length of the rafter using the rafter tables stamped on the face of the square.
So a roof pitch is expressed by such ratios as twelve over twelve or six over twelve-meaning that in any given foot of horizontal distance the roof with a twelve or a six rise will rise twelve or six inches, respectively. The run is always twelve inches the rise is determined by the builder or architect on the basis of taste (do you prefer the profile of the tall or low roof pitch?) and of practical considerations (a steep roof sheds snow more efficiently but it’s more hazardous to work on). Whatever the pitch of a roof, it is specified as unit rise (vertical) over unit run (horizontal). Rather, the slant of a roof is specified by a ratio, namely, the relationship between its rise and run. Roof pitch isn’t traditionally specified in degrees (as in “This one’s a forty-five-degree roof” or “That’s a thirty-degree pitch”). One is the planning and layout of rafters. In building a rectilinear structure, this simple constant has lots of applications.
Thus, if you position your square with one leg level, then the other is always plumb. Rafters and joists are used in a style of carpentry the professionals call stick building. Rafters and joists are not only some of the most common weight-bearing components but also vitally important. The angle at which the blade and tongue of a rafter square meet is also a ninety-degree angle. Like many other components, rafters and joists are weight-bearing, which means they hold something up like a roof, ceiling, or floor. For example, the right triangle has, by definition, one ninety-degree angle. The rafter square is designed to take advantage of the geometric laws of the right triangle.
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